About 100 papers have been presented and discussed at the 3rd IRSA International Institute. Finally only 14 papers are presented to be part of this book. This book is organized into four parts. Part I discuses the regional development in the era of decentralization. Part II reviews the disparities and poverty issues of regional development. Part III explains the challenges for improvement and expansion of public services from financial point of view. Part IV explores the environmental, human resources and governance issues in regional development.